Which of the following surgeries involves replacing the patient's native kidney?

Renal transplantation is the surgical procedure that involves replacing a patient's native kidney with a healthy kidney from a donor. This operation is typically indicated for patients with end-stage renal disease or severe kidney dysfunction, where the native kidney can no longer perform its crucial functions of filtering waste products from the blood, balancing electrolytes, and regulating blood pressure effectively.

In renal transplantation, the donor kidney may come from a living donor or a deceased donor, and the recipient typically undergoes thorough preoperative evaluation and immunological testing to ensure compatibility. The goal of this surgery is to restore kidney function and improve the patient's quality of life, which may include reducing or eliminating the need for dialysis, which is a separate method of kidney function support.

The other choices describe different processes or types of surgeries that do not involve the direct replacement of a kidney. For instance, nephrectomy refers to the surgical removal of a kidney, while hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are forms of renal replacement therapy that help to filter waste products from the blood but do not replace the native kidney surgically.