Which of the following procedures is classified as a major surgical operation involving complex techniques?

A radical mastectomy is classified as a major surgical operation involving complex techniques due to its extensive nature and the surgical skills required. This procedure entails the removal of breast tissue, underlying tissues, and often surrounding lymph nodes, which necessitates significant anatomical knowledge and proficiency in managing potential complications.

The procedure is more involved than simpler surgeries, not only in terms of the technical skills required but also in the implications for patient recovery and the potential need for reconstructive surgery later. The complexities associated with radical mastectomy, including consideration of oncological outcomes and postoperative rehabilitation, further underscore its classification as a major surgical operation.

The other listed procedures, while they can all be considered significant, do not reach the same level of complexity. For instance, an appendectomy and cholecystectomy, while important, are typically less complex and have more straightforward techniques compared to a radical mastectomy. Herniorrhaphy also involves specific skills, but it generally does not exhibit the same complexity or the extensive systemic considerations that accompany a radical mastectomy.